Economics

Aggregate demand (AD) is the total planned expenditure on domestically produced final goods and services at different overall price levels during a given period. It consists of household consumption, investment,…

The classical view of aggregate demand and aggregate supply emphasises flexible wages and prices, market adjustment, and the economy's productive capacity. In the standard long-run classical AD–AS model, real output…

Classical and Keynesian economics offer two influential perspectives on how market economies adjust to changes in output, employment, prices, and aggregate demand. The classical tradition places greater emphasis on flexible…

Factor markets, also called resource markets, are markets in which firms obtain the productive inputs needed to produce goods and services. These inputs include labor, land and natural resources, physical…

The Edgeworth Box is a graphical model used in microeconomics to analyse how a fixed quantity of two goods can be allocated between two consumers. It combines the preferences of…

Welfare economics is the branch of economics that evaluates how the allocation of resources affects individual and social well-being. It studies economic efficiency, distribution, market failure, and the welfare consequences…

Oligopoly is a market structure in which a small number of large firms account for a substantial share of market sales. Because only a few important competitors operate in the…

Price discrimination is an important pricing concept in microeconomics in which a seller charges different effective prices to different consumers or market segments based on differences in willingness to pay,…

Bain’s Limit Pricing Theory explains how established firms in concentrated industries may be able to maintain prices above the competitive level without attracting new competitors. The theory is closely associated…

Limit pricing is an entry-deterrence strategy in which an incumbent firm sets its price below the level it would choose if there were no threat of entry, with the aim…